The laboratory processes the semen sample upon receipt, allowing it to liquefy at room temperature for 15-30 minutes. Laboratory staff record the time of collection, delivery, and liquefaction to ensure procedural standards are maintained and to account for any deviations that might affect results.

The laboratory technician evaluates the physical characteristics of the sample including volume, viscosity, pH, and appearance:

• Volume: Usually between 1.5 and 5 millilitres.
• Viscosity and pH: Assessed for consistency and acidity, which may indicate infections or blockages.
• Appearance: Normal semen is typically white or grey and opalescent.

This stage involves detailed visual assessment of sperm count, movement, and structure under magnification.

• Sperm concentration: Calculated manually or with CASA, measuring sperm per millilitre.
• Motility: Categorised into progressively motile, non-progressive, or immotile.
• Morphology: Assessed under strict WHO guidelines; even fertile men may have a relatively low percentage of perfectly shaped sperm.

A fertility specialist will review the findings and explain how they compare to normal reference values. Even if some values fall below the standard range, it doesn’t always mean infertility, especially if female partner factors are favourable.

Because sperm parameters can vary naturally, repeat testing after 2–3 months is often recommended to confirm findings.

Men with persistently abnormal results may be referred to a male fertility specialist for further investigation.

Based on semen analysis results, recommendations may be provided regarding health habits that could improve sperm parameters. These might include:

• Quitting smoking or alcohol
• Managing weight and stress
• Avoiding heat exposure to the groin
• Increasing intake of antioxidant-rich foods or supplements